Submission!

I've submitted my PhD! A big thank you to my supervisor Sheila and partner Judd for their support over the years. I'm excited to now start the next phase of my life (after a month-long trip exploring Europe).

ARVO 2017 - Baltimore

So I've been a bit quiet lately as I write up my thesis, but last month I was able to take a break to go to the annual ARVO meeting. This year was in Baltimore, and I have to admit that the highlight of my trip was taking taking the train to Washington for a whirlwind tour of the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.

My poster was scheduled for the last day of ARVO, so it felt like a long build-up! This year I presented the proteomic data that we've collected in early chick models of defocus-induced myopia and hyperopia. Here's peak at some of the findings:

Validating RNA-seq results using previously published data

Large-scale omics studies usually require some form of validation following the initial analysis. For RNA-seq or microarray studies, this validation frequently takes the form of qPCR. However, qPCR isn't always possible and, as pointed out here and here, is not without limitations.

Comparing single gene results against a previously published dataset of similar design offers an alternative (or complementary) approach to traditional qPCR validation. The 2010 paper by Suarez-Farinas et al. provides a nice example of how to do this using GSEA. The authors' approach is based on the reasoning that the genes classified as significantly up- and down-regulated in a given study should be enriched at the top and bottom, respectively, of a microarray or RNA-seq dataset testing the same treatment effect. This method is potentially more meaningful than choosing a handful of results for qPCR replication as it allows a large number of differentially-expressed genes to be tested (e.g. 15-1000). Moreover, it can validate genes that respond robustly to the treatment effect of interest under the varied conditions encompassed by the two datasets, whilst ruling out the influence of many small undesirable methodological differences likely to be reproduced by a within-lab qPCR validation.

If you’re interested, check out the paper by Suarez-Farinas et al. (2010) and our recently published RNA-seq study.

Plotting multi-set intersections

Most of my research uses the chick model of refractive error, but at the moment I’m working to characterize the overlap in transcriptome and proteomics findings across the range of model species used in my field. The GeneOverlap R package has been a great tool for testing the overlap between my gene lists, however, I recently came across the SuperExactTest R package that provides some additional neat options for testing and visualizing multi-set intersections.

I used SuperExactTest to make the circular plot below showing intersections between differentially-expressed protein lists from tilapia, chick, mouse, guinea pig, and tree shrew. The five tracks in the middle represent the five protein lists, with individual blocks showing the presence (fill) or absence (no fill) of the protein sets in each intersection. The height of the bars on the outermost track is proportional to the intersection size (also indicated by the number next to each bar), and the fill colour of the outermost bars represents the statistical significance of the intersection. I’ve ordered this plot from lowest to highest p-value; the arrow on the right points to the most significant intersection (six shared protein findings between guinea pig and tree shrew).

If you’re interested, check out the paper ‘Efficient Test and Visualization of Multi-Set Intersections’ (Wang et al., 2015), which describes the theoretical framework for the SuperExactTest package.

GOPlot package for visualizing functional omics data

I recently stumbled upon the GOPlot R package, developed by Wencke Walter and colleagues. The package provides some great tools for visualizing omics data. My favourite is the chord diagram, which captures the complex relationship between differential gene expression (shown on the left) and enriched functional categories (shown on the right)- here’s one I made for my ARVO conference poster this year:

The package is easy to use and provides a range of other plot options (bar plot, bubble plot, circle plot, cluster plot). I highly recommend you check it out!

ARVO 2016: Seattle

In defiance of the 'rainy city' monkier, Seattle turned on the sunshine for ARVO 2016. It was a hectic 5 days packed with some great talks, many posters, and a few blissful quiet moments soaking up some rays in the park outside of the conference center. 

This year I presented a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing exploratory omics findings across human and animal studies of refractive error. I got some great ideas for refining the methods of this study from other ARVO goers; can't wait to get home and start working on it again!

A high res version of my poster is available on ResearchGate

Chord diagrams: when there’s too many categories to Venn!

At the moment I’m comparing differentially-expressed genes from six different transcriptome studies. With this many categories, graphically representing cross-study commonalities is challenging. Chord diagrams are visually appealing, and provide several advantages over the tradition Venn:

Venn diagrams 

• Gene lists are represented as shapes
• List representation is not proportional to list size (although Eulerian circles can do this)
• Common elements (shared gene findings) are shown by shape intersection

Chord diagrams

• Gene lists are represented as annulus segments (with larger segments indicating more implicated genes)
• Common elements (shared gene findings) are represented by the lines connecting two segments
• This allows emphasis of important commonalities (e.g. lines are shown in colour when two gene lists contain statistically significant overlap)

Creating a Chord diagram

Using NetworkAnalyst you can create a Chord diagram within a few minutes.

1. Choose the ‘starting with gene or protein lists’ module
2. Upload your gene lists
3. Choose ‘chord diagrams’
4. Save the image as an .svg so you can edit it in Illustrator (or freeware vector editing software)

Sometimes the .svg saved from NetworkAnalyst will crash Illustrator. If this happens, open the svg in notepad and delete the extraneous text between ‘<style type=’ and ‘</style>’. When you then open the svg in Illustrator, the lines of the cord diagram may also have fill (making the centre a solid colour). If this happens set the fill to null for all lines in the middle of the cord diagram.

1. Click somewhere in the middle of the cord diagram
2. From the top menu, choose ‘select/same/fill colour’. This should select everything in the centre of the diagram, and leave the annulus and text unselected
3. In the colour window, change the fill colour to null (leaving only a stoke colour). For help using the colour tool see my earlier post
4. Add the finishing touches to the diagram (labels, colour scheme etc)